By Anna Almendrala, Huffington Post | Link to Article
By Anna Almendrala, Huffington Post | Link to Article
The stress and hardship faced by immigrants setting up in a new country could be contributing to an increased risk of psychosis among certain communities. And for those coming to a new country with refugee status — which usually means they’re also escaping adversity or trauma — the risk of mental illness is even higher, according to a new study by researchers at Canada’s Western University.
“Our study is the first to look at refugee status as a predictor of higher risk of psychotic disorders,” lead researcher Kelly Anderson, a psychiatry and epidemiology professor, told The Huffington Post. She noted that not all immigrants had parallel experiences: “We also found that some groups, particularly those coming from from northern and southern European countries, as well as those coming from East Asia, had a lower rate of psychotic disorder compared to the general population here in Canada. That’s not a finding that has been reported in [previous studies].”
Many European research groups have documented a higher risk of schizophrenia in immigrant groups in the past, and Anderson wanted to see if the same held true for Canada. She examined the medical records of 4.2 million people in Ontario and followed up with them an average of ten years later. Ten percent were first-generation immigrants, and 23 percent of those immigrants had refugee status. She found that immigrants and the general population had about the same risk of psychotic disorders. But after adjusting for age, sex, residence and neighborhood income, refugees had about a 27 percent higher risk of psychotic disorder compared to immigrants who weren’t refugees.
Non-refugee immigrants from the Caribbean and Bermuda had a 60 percent greater risk of psychotic disorder as compared to the general population, while immigrants from Europe and East Asia had about half the risk. Among refugees, those from East Africa had a 95 percent greater risk than the general population, while people from South Asia had a 51 percent greater risk.
First-generation migrants make up almost 30 percent of Ontario’s population, and per Canada’s immigration policy, most are young, highly skilled or educated and are proficient in either English or French. They also have to undergo a pre-immigration physical and mental health examination. Refugees, on the other hand, gain entry by showing that they can’t return to their home country for fear of persecution, or they come from countries for which Canada has announced asylum support because of a civil war or armed conflict. They are also exempt from the health screening.
Because of the difference in screening processes, Canada’s non-refugee immigrant population certainly skews healthier — both mentally and physically, admitted Anderson. But she also argues that the difficulty of fleeing trauma, as well as settling into a new place, may be contributing to higher risk of psychosis in refugees. In her study, she wrote that because the psychosis rates among immigrants in Canada don’t mirror the mental illness rates in their home countries, there could be something “inherent” in the refugee experience that creates the conditions for psychosis.
“The risk depends both on the circumstances from which they’re leaving, as well as the circumstances they’re migrating to,” Anderson told HuffPost. “Both are playing a role in the high risk of psychotic disorders we’re seeing.” Just a few of the factors that make re-settlement mentally trying, she added, include the fact that refugees are less likely to speak either French or English and more likely to have limited education and socioeconomic resources.
Past studies have also revealed a similar trend in the United States. In a 2007 comparison of Black Caribbean immigrants to African-American men, Harvard University researcher David Williams found that the immigrant men were at a higher risk of psychiatric disorders compared to African-American men from the U.S. Interestingly, these rates didn’t improve across generations; the risks were even higher in second- and third- generation Caribbean black men in America. Williams hypothesized that the stress of downward social mobility specifically linked to “being Black in America” could be contributing to the problem.
“Increased exposure to minority status in the United States was associated with higher risks for psychiatric disorders among Black Caribbean immigrants, which possibly reflects increased societal stress and downward social mobility associated with being Black in America,” Williams concluded.
Anderson agrees that racism could certainly be one factor increasing refugees’ risk of psychosis, but she doesn’t think it’s the only reason.